Estado nutricio de niños del noroeste de México pre y post pandemia por COVID-19 / Nutritional status of children in northwest Mexico pre and post COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción. Mundialmente se observaron consecuencias negativas en la salud por el aislamiento social durante la pandemia de COVID-19; el sobrepeso y la obesidad mostraron tendencias crecientes. Objetivo. Analizar los cambios en el sobrepeso, obesidad y alimentación de escolares del noroeste de México antes y después del aislamiento por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron y analizaron el peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura de escolares del noroeste de México pre y post pandemia por COVID 19 (n=479 y n=820). Además, se analizaron los cambios en la alimentación en una submuestra de 203 y 179 escolares pre y post pandemia, respectivamente. Resultados. La edad promedio de los escolares en 2019 fue 8,9 ±1,75 y en el 2022 de 9,1 ± 1,54 años. Se observó un aumento de 6,2 puntos porcentuales en la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad y diferencias en la distribución de las categorías del estado nutricio (p=0,049) entre los dos periodos. También, se observaron cambios en la adiposidad central con un aumento de 3 centímetros en la circunferencia de cintura (p=0,001; 62,6 y 65,6 cm). El índice de alimentación saludable (IAS) mostró una alimentación poco saludable durante los dos periodos. Conclusiones. El aumento en las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad, así como de obesidad central durante la emergencia epidemiológica, indicaron un deterioro del estado nutricio de los escolares, que coincide con los reportes en poblaciones a nivel mundial y en Latinoamérica; los resultados resultan preocupantes dada la problemática antes de la emergencia(AU)

Introduction. Negative health consequences due to social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic were observed worldwide; overweight and obesity showed increasing trends. Objective. To analyze the changes in overweight, obesity and diet of schoolchildren in northwest Mexico before and after lockdown due to COVID-19. Materials and methods. Weight, height, and waist circumference of schoolchildren (n=479 pre-pandemic and n=820 post-pandemic) were collected in public schools located in medium to high marginalization neighborhoods. In the same periods dietary data was collected from a subsample of 203 and 179 schoolchildren, respectively. Results. The average age of schoolchildren in 2019 was 8,9 ±1,75 and 9,1 ± 1,54 in 2022. An increase in percentage of 6,2 was observed in the overweight plus obesity prevalence and a significant difference in the distribution of nutritional status (p=0,049) between the two periods. In addition, changes in central adiposity were observed, with an increase of 3 centimeters in waist circumference (p=0,001; 62,6 and 65,6 cm). The healthy eating index (HAI) classified the diet of schoolchildren as unhealthy during both periods. Conclusions. The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, as well as central adiposity is worrying given that they were already a health problem before the COVID 19 confinement(AU)

Cambios en la densidad del comercio minorista de alimentos en Hermosillo, México, en el periodo del 2010 al 2021, y su asociación con la dieta, antropometría y salud de mujeres adultas

El comercio minorista de alimentos es un componente del ambiente alimentario que influye en la selección y consumo de alimentos. En las últimas décadas, México ha experimentado cambios en el ambiente alimentario que coinciden con el incremento del sobrepeso, obesidad y las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) de su población. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los cambios en la densidad de comercios minoristas de alimentos en zonas de media y alta marginación de Hermosillo, Sonora, situado en la región Pacífico Norte de México, en el periodo del 2010 al 2021, y su asociación con la dieta, antropometría y salud de mujeres adultas. La información del comercio minorista de alimentos se obtuvo del Diccionario Estadístico Nacional de Unidades Económicas (DENUE). Se entrevistó y se tomaron medidas antropométricas a una muestra de 104 mujeres adultas. En el periodo de estudio, el comercio minorista de alimentos tuvo cambios significativos en las zonas de media y alta marginación de la localidad. El promedio de edad de las participantes fue de 47,6±15 años. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, diabetes e hipertensión fue del 88%, 20% y 40%, respectivamente. El aumento en la densidad de tiendas de conveniencia se asoció de manera positiva con el índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y obesidad de las participantes (β: 3,22; p<0,01; β: 7,70; p<0,01; OR: 3,12; p<0,01). Los resultados muestran que el tipo de establecimiento en donde se compran los alimentos se asocia con indicadores de salud de la población.

Food retail is a component of the food environment that influences food selection and consumption. In recent decades, Mexico has experienced changes in the food environment that coincide with the increase in overweight, obesity, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among its population. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the density of food retail from 2010 to 2021 in areas of medium and high marginalization in Hermosillo, Sonora, located in the North Pacific region of Mexico, and their association with diet, anthropometry, and adult women's health. Information on food retail was obtained from the National Statistic Directory of Economic Units (DENUE). A sample of 104 adult women was interviewed, and their anthropometric measurements were taken. The findings revealed significant changes in the density of food retail in areas of medium and high marginalization during the study period. The participant's mean age was 47,6±15 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure was 88%, 20%, and 40%, respectively. The increase in the density of convenience stores was positively associated with women's body mass index, waist circumference, and obesity (β: 3,22; p<0,01; β: 7,70; p<0,01; OR: 3,12; p<0,01). The results demonstrate that the type of establishment where food is purchased is associated with the population's health status.

Selección participativa de niños como promotores de salud para prevenir la obesidad infantil en tiempos de COVID-19

Introducción: La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Determinar las estrategias para enfrentar esta epidemia requiere de su desarrollo desde una perspectiva holística y con base en el contexto local. Además, es necesario involucrar a la comunidad en la elaboración de propuestas que propicien un estilo de vida saludable. Objetivo: Utilizar herramientas virtuales durante la pandemia de COVID-19 para seleccionar participativamente a niños promotores de salud. Metodología: Mediante la dinámica de teatro guiñol se recrearon los actos correspondientes a las características de un promotor de salud (simpatía, empatía, responsabilidad y solidaridad), bajo el marco de la investigación participativa basada en la comunidad (IPBC), en cuatro escuelas primarias de Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Debido a la emergencia sanitaria y la modalidad de trabajo en casa implementada desde marzo de 2020, la actividad se realizó en plataformas virtuales. Resultados: . A través de un ejercicio participativo los compañeros de aula eligieron a 79 estudiantes que cumplían con las características para ser promotor de salud, quienes llevarán a cabo iniciativas dirigidas a toda la comunidad escolar en la siguiente fase del estudio. Conclusiones: La herramienta de teatro guiñol y el proceso participativo en la elección de niños promotores de salud se ejecutaron adecuadamente con ayuda de la comunicación en línea, siguiendo los principios de la IPBC.

Introduction. Childhood obesity is a major worldwide public health problem. To face this epidemic, society requires strategies developed from the structures and possibilities of the community local context and from a holistic approach. Community participation in the development of strategies is necessary to promote a healthy lifestyle. Objective. Select child promoters through online tools during COVID-19 pandemic using a participatory approach. Methods. . Puppet theater was used as a tool to select health promoters using a Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) methodology; five acts regarding the characteristics of a health promoter (Sympathy, Empathy, Solidarity, Responsibility) were presented to children from four elementary schools in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic lock down and the work-at-home modality implemented since March 2020 in Mexico, the strategy was developed using on-line platforms. Results. Through the CBPR practice, the classmates of four schools selected 79 students whom they considered met the characteristics to be a health promoter and then carry out a health promotion program aimed at the entire school community in a later study phase. Conclusion: The election participation process was adequately developed through online communication and CBPR principles, using the puppet theater tool.

Food Security and Obesity among Mexican Agricultural Migrant Workers.

Mexican migrant farm workers are one of the poorest and most marginalized social groups within the country. They face the double burden of malnutrition, food insecurity, as well as harsh living and labor conditions. Objective: To examine the relationship between household food insecurity (HFI) and obesity in a population of migrant farm workers in highly modernized agribusiness areas of Northwest Mexico. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a concentric (site) (n = 146 households) and systematic selection of participants (adult men and women). Methods included questionnaires regarding socio-demographic characteristics, food security, diet (two non-consecutive 24-h recalls), and physical activity (PA). Anthropometric data included height, weight, and waist circumference. Data analysis covered descriptive statistics, multivariate linear and logistic regression. Results: Sample showed 75% prevalence of overweight and obesity, while 87% of households reported some level of HFI. Mild HFI resulted in five times more probability of farm workers' obesity (OR = 5.18, 95% CI: 1.37-19.58). However, there was a protective effect of HFI for obesity among men (OR 0.089, 95% CI: 0.01-0.58) in a context of intense labor-related PA. Conclusion: There is a difference by gender in the relationship of HFI with obesity prevalence related perhaps to the energy expenditure of male agricultural migrant workers.

Mercury concentrations in seafood and the associated risk in women with high fish consumption from coastal villages of Sonora, Mexico.

Mercury concentrations in the ocean have increased considerably since the industrial revolution and will continue to increase in the next 50 years. Therefore, it is important to monitor Hg levels in fish and to evaluate the health risks in populations with high fish consumption. In the present study, a total of 238 samples of commercial fish and shellfish, were analyzed from the Central Gulf of California, Mexico. Concentrations of total Hg in fish ranged from < DL (detection limit) up to 1.22 µg g-1, with a mean of 0.15 ±â€¯0.19 µg g-1, the majority of the samples were lower than the maximum permissible level. To evaluate the risk, a total of 110 food frequency questionnaires were applied to women (16-68 years old) from 15 coastal fishing villages of Sonora. Results indicated a high seafood consumption at these communities (mean = 307 g day-1), and a high hazard risk (HQ = 6.2) due to methyl mercury ingestion. It is recommended to limit seafood consumption in pregnant women to 4 portions of fish per week, preferably of low mercury concentrations so that all the benefits of seafood consumption are obtained without the negative health effects of methyl mercury.

Serum levels of phytoestrogens as biomarkers of intake in Mexican women.

Phytoestrogens have generated interest in human health in view of their potential effect to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases. Serum levels of phytoestrogens have been proposed as an alternative to measure the exposure of phytoestrogens. We evaluated the use of serum as a biomarker of phytoestrogen's intake in healthy women. Phytoestrogens in serum (luteolin, kaempferol, equol, biochanin A, formononetin, quercetin, naringenin, coumestrol, secoisolariciresinol, genistein, matairesinol, enterolactone, enterodiol, daidzein, glycitein and resveratrol) were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS. Subjects were asked to recall all foods and beverages consumed the previous 24 h. Association of dietary intake and serum concentrations was performed by Spearman correlation. Correlations were found for naringenin (r = 0.47, p < 0.001), luteolin (r = 0.4 p < 0.001), genistein (r = 0.32, p < 0.01) enterolactone (r = 0.35, p = 0.0553), coumestrol (r = 0.26, p = 0.0835) and resveratrol (r = 0.29, p = 0.0517). Serum levels as biomarkers of intake along with a 24-h recall would be useful in order to investigate the relationship between phytoestrogens and health.

[INFLUENCE OF REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS, BREASTFEEDING AND OBESITY ON THE RISK OF BREAST CANCER IN MEXICAN WOMEN]. / INFLUENCIA DE LOS FACTORES REPRODUCTIVOS, LA LACTANCIA MATERNA Y LA OBESIDAD SOBRE EL RIESGO DE CÁNCER DE MAMA EN MUJERES MEXICANAS.

Breast cancer (BC) is considered a global public health problem, and is the most frequently type diagnosed in Mexican women. Therefore, it is important to study the risk factors associated to this neoplasia in order to establish prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hormonal contraceptives and hormone therapy (HT) use and period of use, breastfeeding practice, abdominal obesity and weight gain in adulthood, on the risk of BC in adult women from Northwest Mexico. This was a case-control study that included 162 women (81 cases and 81 controls). A sociodemographic and health questionnaire, and a survey history of body weight were applied to participants. Measurements of body weight, height and waist circumference were performed. To assess the association between BC risk and exposing factors, a multivariate logistic regression model was used. Average age of cases and controls were 51.8 ± 11.7 and 51.4 ± 11.3 years, respectively. No significant association was found between the use and period of use of hormonal contraceptives and HT with the risk of BC. The practice of breastfeeding (OR=0.34, 95%CI: 0.12- 0.92) and the time of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.42-0.97; crude) were protective against the risk of BC. Abdominal obesity (OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.90-0.97) and weight gain in early adulthood (OR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.85-0.95) were inversely associated to the risk of BC. In conclusion, the practice of breastfeeding may help prevent BC in Mexican women.

El cáncer de mama (CaMa) es considerado un problema de salud pública mundial, ocupando en México el primer lugar de incidencia en la mujer, por lo que es importante estudiar los factores de riesgo asociados para contribuir al establecimiento de estrategias de prevención. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del uso y el tiempo de utilización de anticonceptivos hormonales y terapia hormonal (TH), práctica de lactancia materna (LM), obesidad abdominal y el incremento de peso en la edad adulta sobre el riesgo de CaMa en mujeres adultas del noroeste de México. Fue un estudio de casos y controles que incluyó a 162 mujeres (81 casos y 81 controles). Las participantes respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y de salud, una encuesta de historial de peso corporal y se realizaron mediciones de peso corporal, estatura y circunferencia de cintura. Se utilizó regresión logística multivariada para evaluar la asociación entre los factores de exposición y la neoplasia. La edad promedio de los casos fue de 51,8 ± 11,7 años y la de los controles de 51,4 ± 11,3 años. No se encontró asociación significativa del uso y tiempo de uso de anticonceptivos hormonales y de TH con la neoplasia. La práctica de LM (RM = 0,34, IC 95%: 0,12 - 0,92) y el tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) (RM = 0,64, IC 95%: 0,42 - 0,97; cruda) resultaron factores protectores contra el CaMa. La obesidad abdominal (RM = 0,93, IC 95%: 0,90 - 0,97) y el incremento de peso (RM = 0,90, IC 95%: 0,85 - 0,95) tuvieron una asociación inversa con el riesgo de CaMa. Se concluye que la práctica de LM pudiera ayudar a la prevención del CaMa en mujeres mexicanas.

Influencia de los factores reproductivos, la lactancia materna y la obesidad sobre el riesgo de cáncer de mama en mujeres mexicanas / Influence of reproductive factors, breastfeeding and obesity on the risk of breast cancer in mexican women

El cáncer de mama (CaMa) es considerado un problema de salud pública mundial, ocupando en México el primer lugar de incidencia en la mujer, por lo que es importante estudiar los factores de riesgo asociados para contribuir al establecimiento de estrategias de prevención. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del uso y el tiempo de utilización de anticonceptivos hormonales y terapia hormonal (TH), práctica de lactancia materna (LM), obesidad abdominal y el incremento de peso en la edad adulta sobre el riesgo de CaMa en mujeres adultas del noroeste de México. Fue un estudio de casos y controles que incluyó a 162 mujeres (81 casos y 81 controles). Las participantes respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y de salud, una encuesta de historial de peso corporal y se realizaron mediciones de peso corporal, estatura y circunferencia de cintura. Se utilizó regresión logística multivariada para evaluar la asociación entre los factores de exposición y la neoplasia. La edad promedio de los casos fue de 51,8±11,7 años y la de los controles de 51,4±11,3 años. No se encontró asociación significativa del uso y tiempo de uso de anticonceptivos hormonales y de TH con la neoplasia. La práctica de LM (RM=0,34, IC 95%: 0,12 - 0,92) y el tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) (RM=0,64, IC 95%: 0,42- 0,97; cruda) resultaron factores protectores contra el CaMa. La obesidad abdominal (RM=0,93, IC 95%: 0,90 - 0,97) y el incremento de peso (RM=0,90, IC 95%: 0,85 - 0,95) tuvieron una asociación inversa con el riesgo de CaMa. Se concluye que la práctica de LM pudiera ayudar a la prevención del CaMa en mujeres mexicanas (AU)

Breast cancer (BC) is considered a global public health problem, and is the most frequently type diagnosed in Mexican women. Therefore, it is important to study the risk factors associated to this neoplasia in order to establish prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hormonal contraceptives and hormone therapy (HT) use and period of use, breastfeeding practice, abdominal obesity and weight gain in adulthood, on the risk of BC in adult women from Northwest Mexico. This was a case-control study that included 162 women (81 cases and 81 controls). A sociodemographic and health questionnaire, and a survey history of body weight were applied to participants. Measurements of body weight, height and waist circumference were performed. To assess the association between BC risk and exposing factors, a multivariate logistic regression model was used. Average age of cases and controls were 51.8 ± 11.7 and 51.4 ± 11.3 years, respectively. No significant association was found between the use and period of use of hormonal contraceptives and HT with the risk of BC. The practice of breastfeeding (OR=0.34, 95%CI: 0.12- 0.92) and the time of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.42-0.97; crude) were protective against the risk of BC. Abdominal obesity (OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.90-0.97) and weight gain in early adulthood (OR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.85-0.95) were inversely associated to the risk of BC. In conclusion, the practice of breastfeeding may help prevent BC in Mexican women (AU)

[Relationship of food groups intake and C-reactive protein in healthy adults from Mexicali, Baja California, México]. / Relación de la ingesta de grupos de alimentos con la proteina C-reactiva en adultos sanos en la ciudad de Mexicali, Baja California, méxico.

The high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is an important biomarker in inflammatory processes. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the concentrations of hs-CRP in adults from a northern Mexico region with their typical food intake patterns. A sample of 72 university professors underwent clinical and anthropometric assessments and their hs-CRP levels were quantified with an immunoenzymometric assay. Additionally, they filled out a food intake frequency questionnaire, from which the servings of different food groups were obtained with the ESHA software. The average age of participants was 49.75 +/- 10.05 years and the average hs-CRP concentration was 1.66 (0.97, 3.52) mg/L. The value of the association between fruit consumption and hs-CRP level was protective, according to the logistic regression analysis, being the Odds Ratio (OR) 0.23 (95% CI: 0.05, 1.03); while for vegetables the OR was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.12, 3.68). Furthermore, high protein content foods, dairy products, oils and fats were associated with elevated levels of hs-CRP. In conclusion, in our study, the intake of some food groups like fruits and vegetables, and to a lesser extent cereals, were associated with low values of hs-PCR.

Relación de la ingesta de grupos de alimentos con la proteína C-reactiva en adultos sanos en la ciudad de Mexicali, Baja California, México / Relationship of food groups intake and C-reactive protein in healthy adults from Mexicali, Baja California, México

La proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible (PCR-us) es un biomarcador importante en procesos inflamatorios. El objetivo del estudio fue examinar la relación entre la concentración de la PCR-us de adultos aparentemente sanos, con su patrón alimentario característico del norte de México. A una muestra de 72 profesores universitarios se les realizó una valoración clínica y antropométrica y se les cuantificó la PCR-us con un ensayo inmunoenzimométrico (EIA). Los profesores además contestaron un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, del cual se estimaron las raciones de grupos de alimentos con el programa ESHA. La edad promedio de los participantes fue 49,75 ±10,05 años y la concentración de PCR-us tuvo un promedio de 1,66 (0,97 a 3,52) mg/L. La magnitud de la asociación entre el consumo de frutas y el nivel de PCR-us fue protectora de acuerdo con el análisis de regresión logística cuya Razón de Momios (RM) fue de 0,23 (95% IC: 0,05 a 1,03), mientras que para los vegetales la RM fue de 0,66 (95% IC: 0,12 a 3,68). Por otro lado, los alimentos proteicos, lácteos, aceites y grasas se asociaron con niveles elevados de la PCR-us. En conclusión, la menor concentración de la PCR-us se asoció con la mayor ingesta de los grupos de frutas y vegetales, y en menor grado con los cereales.

The high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is an important biomarker in inflammatory processes. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the concentrations of hs-CRP in adults from a northern Mexico region with their typical food intake patterns. A sample of 72 university professors underwent clinical and anthropometric assessments and their hs-CRP levels were quantified with an immunoenzymometric assay. Additionally, they filled out a food intake frequency questionnaire, from which the servings of different food groups were obtained with the ESHA software. The average age of participants was 49.75 ± 10.05 years and the average hs-CRP concentration was 1.66 (0.97, 3.52) mg/L. The value of the association between fruit consumption and hs-CRP level was protective, according to the logistic regression analysis, being the Odds Ratio (OR) 0.23 (95% CI: 0.05, 1.03); while for vegetables the OR was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.12, 3.68). Furthermore, high protein content foods, dairy products, oils and fats were associated with elevated levels of hs-CRP. In conclusion, in our study, the intake of some food groups like fruits and vegetables, and to a lesser extent cereals, were associated with low values of hs-PCR.